Marczak discovered that IP addresses belonging to a prominent British law firm were also being targeted. In August 2020, Citizen Lab senior researcher Bill Marczak was investigating espionage aimed at a dissident from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) then living in Britain.

Let me begin with a story-a peek inside the disturbing worlds that are the focus of the Citizen Lab’s research. If subversion continues to flourish unchecked, then the rule of law, public accountability, and even the scientific research necessary for our very survival in the face of these risks will suffer. Liberal democracies need to bring greater transparency, oversight, and public accountability to their own clandestine, law-enforcement, signals, and other intelligence agencies. At least three contingent factors have combined to create conditions for subversion to become more widely practiced: 1) neoliberal globalization 2) the rise and spread of businesses that offer private intelligence, surveillance, and “black ops” and 3) the digital communications environment. Clandestine influence operations, targeted espionage against civil society, and political subversion-an organized activity whereby the decay of legitimate political institutions is deliberately and surreptitiously seeded-are easier to undertake than ever before. Over the last decade, a sophisticated and lucrative industry has sprung up that puts potent surveillance and intelligence capabilities in the hands of a wide range of private actors.

Espionage meaning